摘要 :
The motivation for this paper is to review the status of Hierarchical Task analysis (HTA) as a general framework for examining tasks, including those for which cognitive task analysis methods might be assumed to be necessary. HTA ...
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The motivation for this paper is to review the status of Hierarchical Task analysis (HTA) as a general framework for examining tasks, including those for which cognitive task analysis methods might be assumed to be necessary. HTA is treated as a strategy for examining tasks, aimed at refining performance criteria, focusing on constituent skill, understanding task contexts and generating useful hypotheses for overcoming performance problems. A neutral and principled perspective avoids bias an enables the analyst to justify using different analytical methods and develop hypotheses as information is gained about the task.
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The cognitive information flow analysis (CIFA) is introduced as a method to integrate results from cognitive task and work analyses in order to provide a focus on the necessary system information flow, which includes how informati...
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The cognitive information flow analysis (CIFA) is introduced as a method to integrate results from cognitive task and work analyses in order to provide a focus on the necessary system information flow, which includes how information is produced, consumed, and transformed by the various system functions and users. CIFA can be used as a tool to augment cognitive task and work analyses. This paper presents the CIFA technique, provides a case study that applies the CIFA method to existing goal-directed task analysis and modified cognitive work analysis results, and provides insight into CIFA's use for informing the design of a human-robot system. CIFA augments the results provided by cognitive task and work analyses and can guide system design and development. CIFA differs from existing information flow techniques in that it allows representation of systems containing large numbers of users for highly complex and uncertain domains. Existing cognitive task and work analyses integration methods rely heavily on relational tables. CIFA specifically expresses the interconnectivity of the various system subcomponents, including partial ordering and parallelism, by fundamentally focusing on the information flow. CIFA also identifies both existing and potential, information bottlenecks and highlights teamwork.
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摘要 :
The cognitive information flow analysis (CIFA) is introduced as a method to integrate results from cognitive task and work analyses in order to provide a focus on the necessary system information flow, which includes how informati...
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The cognitive information flow analysis (CIFA) is introduced as a method to integrate results from cognitive task and work analyses in order to provide a focus on the necessary system information flow, which includes how information is produced, consumed, and transformed by the various system functions and users. CIFA can be used as a tool to augment cognitive task and work analyses. This paper presents the CIFA technique, provides a case study that applies the CIFA method to existing goal-directed task analysis and modified cognitive work analysis results, and provides insight into CIFA’s use for informing the design of a human-robot system. CIFA augments the results provided by cognitive task and work analyses and can guide system design and development. CIFA differs from existing information flow techniques in that it allows representation of systems containing large numbers of users for highly complex and uncertain domains. Existing cognitive task and work analyses integration methods rely heavily on relational tables. CIFA specifically expresses the interconnectivity of the various system subcomponents, including partial ordering and parallelism, by fundamentally focusing on the information flow. CIFA also identifies both existing and potential, information bottlenecks and highlights teamwork.
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Cognitive work analysis is gaining momentum as an approach for the analysis, design and evaluation of complex sociotechnical systems. This paper focuses on control task analysis (ConTA), the second phase of cognitive work analysis...
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Cognitive work analysis is gaining momentum as an approach for the analysis, design and evaluation of complex sociotechnical systems. This paper focuses on control task analysis (ConTA), the second phase of cognitive work analysis. The paper consolidates existing approaches to ConTA and extends the basic concepts, in particular, by asserting that activity in some work systems is better characterized by both work situations and work functions and by introducing a new formative representation for ConTA called the contextual activity template. In addition, the paper proposes a set of methodological guidelines for performing ConTA and presents a case study of a ConTA for a first-of-a-kind military system called Airborne Early Warning and Control. As well as illustrating the conceptual extensions and methodological guidelines for ConTA by example, this case study highlights some of the difficulties of conducting ConTA for first-of-a-kind, complex systems during the early stages of development.
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FEATURE AT A GLANCE: A variety of task-analytical tools are available to the human factors/ergonomics practitioner, who is challenged to find the right tool for the task at hand and to apply it appropriately. In this article, we c...
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FEATURE AT A GLANCE: A variety of task-analytical tools are available to the human factors/ergonomics practitioner, who is challenged to find the right tool for the task at hand and to apply it appropriately. In this article, we compare a number of task analysis methods, including each method's unique contribution and the expertise required to apply it. We describe how different task analysis methods can build on each other and provide examples to illustrate.
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A Critical Review of Carroll's book on scenario-based design is offered [Making Use: Scenario- Based Design of Human-Computer Interactions (2000)]. Carroll characterises scenarios as 'stories about use'. The paper demonstrates tha...
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A Critical Review of Carroll's book on scenario-based design is offered [Making Use: Scenario- Based Design of Human-Computer Interactions (2000)]. Carroll characterises scenarios as 'stories about use'. The paper demonstrates that Carroll's proposals about scenarios and their use in software engineering can be fitted into the broader framework of task analysis in Human-Computer Interaction.
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NOTES is an emerging technique for performing surgical procedures, such as cholecystectomy. Debate about its real benefit over the traditional laparoscopic technique is on-going. There have been several clinical studies comparing ...
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NOTES is an emerging technique for performing surgical procedures, such as cholecystectomy. Debate about its real benefit over the traditional laparoscopic technique is on-going. There have been several clinical studies comparing NOTES to conventional laparoscopic surgery. However, no work has been done to compare these techniques from a Human Factors perspective. This study presents a systematic analysis describing and comparing different existing NOTES methods to laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
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Organizational viability depends in part on effective leadership. Effective leaders engage in both professional leadership behaviors (e.g. setting a mission, creating a process for achieving gods, aligning processes and procedures...
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Organizational viability depends in part on effective leadership. Effective leaders engage in both professional leadership behaviors (e.g. setting a mission, creating a process for achieving gods, aligning processes and procedures) and personal leadership behaviors (e.g. building trust, earing for people, acting morally). A model of professional and personal leadership's impact on willing cooperation was developed and tested. Respondents provided perceptions of the leadership of their organizations and reported the extent to which they willingly cooperate with their organization's leadership. Perceptions of "organizational" leadership as opposed to individual leaders were measured. The direct effects of personal and professional leadership on willing cooperation were examined. Personal leadership was also examined as a mediator of professional leadership's impact on willing cooperation. Results revealed support for a mediated model. Specifically, professional leadership was related to the presence of willing cooperation (β = 0.44) and personal leadership was related to the presence of wiMng cooperation (β = 0.71). Finally, following a strategy developed by Baron and Kenny, personal leadership was shown to be a mediator of the relationship between professional leadership and the presence of willing cooperation. Limitations as well as research and practical implications are discussed.
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摘要 :
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of group conflict norms and task
interdependence on individuals' willingness to help others under conditions of task conflict to better
understand how group character...
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Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of group conflict norms and task
interdependence on individuals' willingness to help others under conditions of task conflict to better
understand how group characteristics influence individual helping behavior.
Design/methodology/approach - A total of 81 university students participate in a scenario study.
The scenario has a 2 (task interdependence: high vs low) × 2 (group conflict norm: open vs avoiding)
design.
Findings - The results suggest that in groups characterized with open conflict norms and high-task
interdependence members are less willing to help than members in groups with avoiding conflict
norms and high-task interdependence.
Research limitations/implications - This research implies that helping behavior in high-task
interdependent workgroups is highest when groups have an avoiding conflict norm. Limitations
include amongst others discussing the explicit request for help coming from the group used in this
study and the external validity of scenario studies.
Practical implications - The findings suggest that managers or supervisors can help to provide
circumstances in which task conflict does not prohibit helping behavior.
Originality/value - The paper offers a first step to experimentally investigate how individuals react
to intragroup task conflict and the consequence for constructive behavior.
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We examined Work Behavior to knowledge, skill, or ability linkage ratings for 9 jobs to determine the degree to which differences in the ratings were due to rater type. We collected ratings from incumbents and 2 types of job analy...
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We examined Work Behavior to knowledge, skill, or ability linkage ratings for 9 jobs to determine the degree to which differences in the ratings were due to rater type. We collected ratings from incumbents and 2 types of job analysts: project job analysts (analysts knowledgeable of the job) and nonproject job analysts (analysts with very little or no knowledge of the job). In our analyses of the data, we calculated means, standard deviations, effect sizes, and correlations for each rater type, as well as compared the reliability of the ratings. We also estimated variance components for each job by conducting generalizability analyses (Brennan, 1983; Shavelson, Webb, & Rowley, 1989). Our findings indicate that the level of linkage ratings is similar across rater types, that it is important to obtain ratings from multiple raters regardless of rater type, and that ratings from job analysts may be more reliable than those of incumbents.
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